甘薯近缘野生种Ipomoea trifida(4x) GISH分析

以甘薯近缘野生种I. trifida (2x)为探针, 与I. trifida (4x) 2个株系“695104”和“697288”的体细胞染色体进行基因组荧光原位杂交, 结果显示, 2株系都与I. trifida (2x)有很近的亲缘关系, 但2株系的信号存在差异。“695104”几乎所有染色体整条都有均匀明亮的信号, 应为I. trifida (2x)基因组直接加倍而来;而 “697288”与“695104”不同, 虽然各条染色体也均有杂交信号, 但信号的区域与亮度有差异, 较为复杂, 可分为三种情况。第1种是整条染色体有均匀明亮的信号, 亮度与分布区域同“695104” , 有41条;第2种是几乎整条染色体有信号, 但亮度较第一种暗, 有14条;第3种为染色体部分区域有信号, 亮度较前二者更暗, 有5条。推测 “697288”是在加倍同时或之后又发生了基因组重组与部分变异。     

空心菜对不同形态氮吸收动力学特性研究

对空心菜不同形态氮素吸收动力学特性进行了研究,发现其吸附曲线均符合Michaelis-Menten酶动力学方程,采用LB转换式处理数据对其动力学参数进行计算,得出以下结论:①空心菜对铵态氮的亲和力大于对硝态氮的亲和力（K_m铵态氮<K_m硝态氮）,说明空心菜有优先吸收铵态氮的趋势,表明在实际净化水质过程中,若有足够的停留时间,空心菜对铵态氮的净化程度更高一些;②空心菜对铵态氮的最大吸收速率V_max为0.001 85 mmol/（g·FW·h）,对硝态氮最大吸收速率V_max 为0.000 279 mmol/（g·FW·h）,V_max铵态氮>V_max硝态氮,表明空心菜对铵态氮的净化速率要大于对硝态氮的净化速率;③当溶液中存在铵态氮时,空心菜对硝态氮的亲和力增加了2.5%,而最大吸收速率则减少34%,总的吸收能力降低,表明溶液中铵态氮的存在不影响空心菜根细胞膜上载体与硝态氮之间的亲和性,但影响载体对硝态氮的运转速度。     

不同改良材料对镉污染土壤上通菜营养指标的影响

[目的]探讨石灰、赤泥两种改良剂对重金属镉污染土壤的修复作用。[方法]以泰国通菜为材料,以赤泥和石灰为土壤改良剂,采用盆栽试验,设4种土壤处理。测定通菜的株高、可溶性糖、还原糖、微量蛋白质和Vc,分析各种处理对通菜生长的影响。[结果]结果表明,过量的镉对通菜的生长有明显的抑制作用,添加石灰和赤泥后,抑制作用得到缓解。不同改良剂对通菜的营养指标有不同的改良效应,对于株高和可溶性糖含量,改良效果为石灰>石灰+赤泥>赤泥。对于蛋白质和Vc含量,改良效果为赤泥>石灰>石灰+赤泥。[结论]添加改良剂石灰、石灰+赤泥、赤泥,可以显著降低土壤中镉的污染。     

甘薯新品种泉薯76特性鉴定与高产机理研究初报

鉴定了抗瘟粉用型甘薯新品种泉薯76的主要特征特性及其高产机理,旨在为其推广应用提供参考。多年多点试验结果表明,泉薯76具有较好的丰产性,平均鲜薯产量在33．683～40．817t／hm2,为对照种金山57鲜薯产量的93％～130％;平均薯干产量在9．320～11．429t／hm2,为对照种的97．5％～139．1％;平均淀粉产量在5．594～7．143t／hm2．比对照增产1．7％～42．2％。特性研究表明,泉薯76全生长期平均叶面系数为3．739,比对照种金山57高26．8％;平均净同化率为2．724g／（m2·d）,比对照高15．2％;叶面系数和净同化率均较高是其高产的最显著的生理特性。此外,泉薯76抗薯瘟病和蔓割病;薯块干物率约28．0％,比金山57高1．1～1．7个百分点;出粉率为16．6％～17．2％,比金山57高1．0～2．8个百分点;鲜薯蒸熟食用,质地细腻,味道香甜,综合食味评分优于金山57;薯块具有良好的耐贮性能和萌芽性能。因此,泉薯76可作为优质食用型和淀粉加工型品种在生产上应用．     

入侵杂草五爪金龙有性繁育系统的初步研究

【目的】定点观察粤东地区农林业入侵杂草五爪金龙(Ipomoeacairica L.)的开花动态,并研究其有性繁育系统类型。【方法】在生态学外业调查的基础上确定4个样地,观察五爪金龙开花动态,计算花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、种子-胚珠比(S/O)、花粉活性率、柱头可授率和杂交指数OCI。【结果】五爪金龙花粉-胚珠比(P/O)为2224,种子-胚珠比(S/O)为0.56,介于兼性异交与专性异交之间,以异交为主。五爪金龙开花期持续时间长,结实期短,单花开放时间仅为1d。花粉活性率和柱头可授率在一天中均呈现抛物线趋势,且各自的最高峰分别出现在上午09:30与下午14:30～15:30;杂交指数OCI=5,为部分自交亲和,异交,需传粉者。【结论】五爪金龙繁育系统类型为混交繁育系统,即自交和异交并存;建议对五爪金龙采用全株清除的人工防治措施。     

Inhibitory effect of Ipomoea aquatica extracts on glucose absorption using a perfused rat intestinal preparation

Investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of Ipomoea aquatica aqueous and dichloromethane/methanol extracts on the glucose absorption using a rat intestinal preparation in situ. Extracts orally tested at the dose of 160 mg/kg exerted a significant inhibitory effect on glucose absorption when compared with control animals. The most pronounced effect was observed with the aqueous extract. Ouabain used as reference inhibitor strongly inhibited glucose absorption. On the other hand both plant extracts inhibited the gastrointestinal motility suggesting that the inhibition of glucose absorption is not due to the acceleration of intestinal transit.     

Assessing genetic diversity of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) cultivars from tropical America using AFLP

The sweet potato genebank at the International Potato Center (CIP) maintains 5,526 cultivated I. batatas accessions from 57 countries. Knowledge of the genetic structure in this collection is essential for rational germplasm conservation and utilization. Sixty-nine sweet potato cultivars from 4 geographical regions (including 13 countries) of Latin America were randomly sampled and fingerprinted using AFLP markers. A total of 210 polymorphic and clearly scorable fragments were generated. A geographic pattern of diversity distribution was revealed by mean similarity, multidimensional scaling (MDS), and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). The highest genetic diversity was found in Central America, whereas the lowest was in Peru-Ecuador. The within-region variation was the major source of molecular variance. The between-regions variation, although it only explains 10.0% of the total diversity, is statistically significant. Cultivars from Peru-Ecuador, with the lowest level of within region diversity, made the most significant contribution to the between region differentiation. These results support the hypothesis that Central America is the primary center of diversity and most likely the center of origin of sweet potato. Peru-Ecuador should be considered as a secondary center of sweet potato diversity.     

Effect of local inoculum on the spread of sweet potato virus disease: limited infection of susceptible cultivars following widespread cultivation of a resistant sweet potato cultivar

A study compared the spread of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD) into crops of two moderately resistant and initially SPVD-free sweet potato cultivars in northern and southern Mpigi, Uganda. Whiteflies, the vector of sweet potato chlorotic stunt crini virus (SPCSV), a component cause of SPVD, were similarly abundant in farmers' sweet potato fields around Namulonge in northern Mpigi, and Kanoni in southern Mpigi. However, mean incidence of SPVD in farmers' crops neighbouring the trials was higher at Kanoni (13.3%) than at Namulonge (2.8%). Furthermore, spread of SPVD into initially SPVD-free sweet potato plots of two only moderately resistant cultivars was greater in plots at Kanoni than in plots at Namulonge. The SPVD-resistant New Kawogo was the most common cultivar grown in farmers' fields at Namulonge and had few diseased plants, whereas susceptible cultivars with relatively high incidences of disease predominated at Kanoni. Final SPVD incidence in each trial was positively correlated with a measure combining the proximity and level of inoculum in surrounding fields. The study demonstrates the importance of local SPVD inoculum in determining the rate of spread of the disease into fields and implies that the widespread cultivation of a resistant variety limits infection of susceptible cultivars grown nearby.     

Genetic variation of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) cultivated in Chile determined by RAPDs

RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) technology was applied to analyze the genetic variability of sweet potato germplasm existing in Chile and elsewhere. Analysis of 28 cultivars from all over the world showed polymorphic bands with all 18 primers tested. A total of 124 RAPD bands were scored with an average of 6.9 polymorphic bands per primer. These results confirm that sweet potato exhibits high genetic variation. Two groups were distinguished: one containing Peruvian cultivars, and another containing cultivars from the rest of the world. Analysis of 14 accessions from Central Chile and one from Northern Chile showed polymorphic bands with 24 of 26 primers tested, but almost all of the 140 polymorphic bands merely showed the distinctness of the Northern accession. The almost complete uniformity of the other 14 accessions shows that sweet potato germplasm collected in Central Chile has very little genetic variability and may be derived from a single cultivar. Based on these results and on historical records, some hypotheses are proposed to explain the origin of sweet potatoes cultivated in Chile. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同生境对五爪金龙部分生理指标的影响

五爪金龙Ipomoea cairica(L.)Sweet是南方广大地区危害严重的入侵杂草之一。采用电导率法和分光光度法,测定了5个不同的自然生境中五爪金龙的相对电导率和叶绿素含量等生理指标,并进行方差分析。结果表明:不同生境中,五爪金龙的质膜透性之间的差异部分达到显著水平;除了生境4、5之间外,其叶绿素a、b及总含量均达到极显著水平。